1. What is the central problem for citizens in democracies?
The central problem for citizen in democracies is that it is difficult for them to be counted their voice; they feel hard to participate in huge society meaningfully.
2. What skills do citizens need?
The skills that citizens need are "building social capital and participating in the collective production and circulation of political arguments".
3. What term does the author use to describe the process citizens use to promote their concerns about an issue?
The term that author use is "issue entrepreneurship", which is central to "the making of public policy" and to "the 'politics'".
4. What steps are the four steps in this process?
The four steps for citizens to associate with issues are to identify the prominence issues, to research and analyze them, to stake out the position in public, and to build social networks with people who are related to issues and ideologically compatible.
p. 212-214
Write two of your own questions on the ideas and issues raised in this section. Lead a class discussion next session.
5. What kind of dimensions that political issues have?
6.What is the ability to support the work of issue entrepreneurs?
2007年10月11日木曜日
Summary and Reaction for Kahn & Kellner
Write a brief summary of the main ideas and issues raised in the text.
According to Kahn & Kellner, development of the Internet made “new relations of information and social interaction,” and it has been called “online communities.” They behave as the organs of information and communication by using Internet. At now, some political groups use Internets to share the information, organize the organization, and promote their political activities in global and local levels. Then, the important thing is to consider about the relationships between global and local. In another point, the movement of anti-globalization has been increasing throughout the Internet. However, the movement itself is becoming global because the movement is expanded by the Internet all around the world. In addition, the “terrorist” groups also are increasing throughout the Internet; they use websites to promote their notions. For example, Al Qaeda spread cryptograms for secret messages. Also, the Wi-Fi networks are sometimes hacked; hackers targeted the “free network.” Finally, blogs and wikis became the popular communication tools. Blogs are “the next evolution of a dynamic network,” and wikis are hypertext which can be edited by any people on the Internet.
What is your reaction? Respond to one particular idea that really resonates with you.
Blog can produce the secondary industry, because some Japanese talents gather attention by making interesting blog and sell it as a book. This kind of marketing cannot be exist without the Internet and blogs.
According to Kahn & Kellner, development of the Internet made “new relations of information and social interaction,” and it has been called “online communities.” They behave as the organs of information and communication by using Internet. At now, some political groups use Internets to share the information, organize the organization, and promote their political activities in global and local levels. Then, the important thing is to consider about the relationships between global and local. In another point, the movement of anti-globalization has been increasing throughout the Internet. However, the movement itself is becoming global because the movement is expanded by the Internet all around the world. In addition, the “terrorist” groups also are increasing throughout the Internet; they use websites to promote their notions. For example, Al Qaeda spread cryptograms for secret messages. Also, the Wi-Fi networks are sometimes hacked; hackers targeted the “free network.” Finally, blogs and wikis became the popular communication tools. Blogs are “the next evolution of a dynamic network,” and wikis are hypertext which can be edited by any people on the Internet.
What is your reaction? Respond to one particular idea that really resonates with you.
Blog can produce the secondary industry, because some Japanese talents gather attention by making interesting blog and sell it as a book. This kind of marketing cannot be exist without the Internet and blogs.
2007年9月29日土曜日
Barabasi - The Third Link
1. What is the principle of six degrees of separation? What number of social links does any one person need to be connected to global society? p. 30
The principle of six degrees of separation is that two people in anywhere in the world are linked by only six social links. It means that a parson is connected to any other person mediating about five people.
2. How is the fabric of society today different from pre-internet society? p. 31
The fabric of society today is different from pre-internet society because the collection of individual documents are linked in a huge web network. People have became able to access to other people's document easily and quickly with the internet.
3. How many more links separate any pair of web pages compared to people in society? What can explain the difference? p. 34
Any pair of web pages is "nineteen degrees of separation" and people's one is "six degrees of separation," so web pages' link has thirteen more links than people's one.
The biggest difference between web's society and people's society is that to find every links on the network is easier in the web's society than people's society because to find every links between one person and the others is almost impossible.
4. So far, what ranges of separation have network scientists discovered in different kinds of networks? p. 34
The network scientists discovered that every networks which were examined display separation between two and fourteen. For example, "species in food webs appear to be on average two links away from each other; molecules in the cell are separated on average by three chemical reactions; scientists in different fields of science are separated by four to six coauthorship links; and the neurons in the brain of the C. elegans worm are separated by fourteen synapses." Therefore, the web's nineteen degrees of separation is the largest record.
5. What does research suggest about the fundamentals of networks? p.34-35
The logarithm can make the huge network to the small world. (I am not good at math so I could not understand why logarithm can do such a thing.)
6. What is your estimate of your personal number of connections to society? What connections are your strongest?
I cannot believe that I am connected to every person in the world mediating 5 or 6 people.
I have no idea about my strongest connections.
The principle of six degrees of separation is that two people in anywhere in the world are linked by only six social links. It means that a parson is connected to any other person mediating about five people.
2. How is the fabric of society today different from pre-internet society? p. 31
The fabric of society today is different from pre-internet society because the collection of individual documents are linked in a huge web network. People have became able to access to other people's document easily and quickly with the internet.
3. How many more links separate any pair of web pages compared to people in society? What can explain the difference? p. 34
Any pair of web pages is "nineteen degrees of separation" and people's one is "six degrees of separation," so web pages' link has thirteen more links than people's one.
The biggest difference between web's society and people's society is that to find every links on the network is easier in the web's society than people's society because to find every links between one person and the others is almost impossible.
4. So far, what ranges of separation have network scientists discovered in different kinds of networks? p. 34
The network scientists discovered that every networks which were examined display separation between two and fourteen. For example, "species in food webs appear to be on average two links away from each other; molecules in the cell are separated on average by three chemical reactions; scientists in different fields of science are separated by four to six coauthorship links; and the neurons in the brain of the C. elegans worm are separated by fourteen synapses." Therefore, the web's nineteen degrees of separation is the largest record.
5. What does research suggest about the fundamentals of networks? p.34-35
The logarithm can make the huge network to the small world. (I am not good at math so I could not understand why logarithm can do such a thing.)
6. What is your estimate of your personal number of connections to society? What connections are your strongest?
I cannot believe that I am connected to every person in the world mediating 5 or 6 people.
I have no idea about my strongest connections.
2007年9月18日火曜日
Lesson1: Barabasi - The First Link
1. What elements or factors were critical to Paul's success in spreading the Christian message?
Firstly, Paul abolished circumcision and the strict food laws. In addition, he exploded the message using the social network; he walked about 10,000 miles in 12 years, spread the Christian message to the biggest communities which had many people. He used the social network effectively, and that is one of the critical factors to Paul's success.
2. Barabasi asks the question, "Could it happen again?" (p.4), what is your answer?
I think it could happen again, but the way to the success is different from what Paul did because at now people can use another kind of social network; people can make conversations without being face to face. Also I think the chance of the success like Paul did is very low because at present, people have lots of information and they can choose what they believe after judging the information.
3. What new kinds of maps have been made of our interconnectivity (p.5)? What kinds of interconnectivity would you like to see mapped?
Firstly, maps of the internet have been made, and they have told the people about the internet's vulnerability to hackers. Secondly, maps of the companies which show the links of trade or ownership have been made, and they have made people to be able to trace the trail of power and money in Silicon Valley. Thirdly, maps which shoes the interactions between species on ecosystems have been made, and they have told people about the humanity's destructive impact on the environment. In addition, the maps of genes working together in a cell have provided insights have been made, and it have shown people how cancer works.
I want to see the map which tells how the languages of the world are connected with each other.
4. What is the 'real surprise' (p.5) that such maps have revealed? Personally, does this surprise you?
The 'real surprise' is that these maps have the similar or the same blueprint though the maps are very different from each other. Actually, this structure and evolution of the complex networks are governed by the natural laws.
Personally, I was surprised because I did not know that the basics of those maps are the same even though their categories are completely different from each other.
5. How does the author define the nature of most scientific research in the 20th Century? What is the problem associated with such an approach (p.6-7)?
The author defines the nature of most scientific research in the 20th century as Reductionism. The notion of Reductionism is that people have to divide the nature to its constituents to understand the whole; people can never understand the whole without considering the constituents.
However, the problem of this approach is that people became not able to put the constituents back together to understand the whole of nature. It was very complex because nature consists of the all-encompassing laws of self- organization.
6. What does Barabasi predict will be the new focus of scientific research in the coming era (p.7)? What is your view?
Barabasi predict that the networks will dominate the new century, and he claims that everything in the world are linked together and to understand the networks which link everything is most important. I think that to investigate the details and to understand the networks are both important, and to see the networks after investigating the details seems good idea.
Firstly, Paul abolished circumcision and the strict food laws. In addition, he exploded the message using the social network; he walked about 10,000 miles in 12 years, spread the Christian message to the biggest communities which had many people. He used the social network effectively, and that is one of the critical factors to Paul's success.
2. Barabasi asks the question, "Could it happen again?" (p.4), what is your answer?
I think it could happen again, but the way to the success is different from what Paul did because at now people can use another kind of social network; people can make conversations without being face to face. Also I think the chance of the success like Paul did is very low because at present, people have lots of information and they can choose what they believe after judging the information.
3. What new kinds of maps have been made of our interconnectivity (p.5)? What kinds of interconnectivity would you like to see mapped?
Firstly, maps of the internet have been made, and they have told the people about the internet's vulnerability to hackers. Secondly, maps of the companies which show the links of trade or ownership have been made, and they have made people to be able to trace the trail of power and money in Silicon Valley. Thirdly, maps which shoes the interactions between species on ecosystems have been made, and they have told people about the humanity's destructive impact on the environment. In addition, the maps of genes working together in a cell have provided insights have been made, and it have shown people how cancer works.
I want to see the map which tells how the languages of the world are connected with each other.
4. What is the 'real surprise' (p.5) that such maps have revealed? Personally, does this surprise you?
The 'real surprise' is that these maps have the similar or the same blueprint though the maps are very different from each other. Actually, this structure and evolution of the complex networks are governed by the natural laws.
Personally, I was surprised because I did not know that the basics of those maps are the same even though their categories are completely different from each other.
5. How does the author define the nature of most scientific research in the 20th Century? What is the problem associated with such an approach (p.6-7)?
The author defines the nature of most scientific research in the 20th century as Reductionism. The notion of Reductionism is that people have to divide the nature to its constituents to understand the whole; people can never understand the whole without considering the constituents.
However, the problem of this approach is that people became not able to put the constituents back together to understand the whole of nature. It was very complex because nature consists of the all-encompassing laws of self- organization.
6. What does Barabasi predict will be the new focus of scientific research in the coming era (p.7)? What is your view?
Barabasi predict that the networks will dominate the new century, and he claims that everything in the world are linked together and to understand the networks which link everything is most important. I think that to investigate the details and to understand the networks are both important, and to see the networks after investigating the details seems good idea.
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